def spread(arg):
ret = []
for i in arg:
if isinstance(i, list):
ret.extend(i)
else:
ret.append(i)
return ret
def deep_flatten(lst):
result = []
result.extend(
spread(list(map(lambda x: deep_flatten(x) if type(x) == list else x, lst))))
return result
deep_flatten([1, [2], [[3], 4], 5]) # [1,2,3,4,5]
def difference_by(a, b, fn):
b = set(map(fn, b))
return [item for item in a if fn(item) not in b]
from math import floor
difference_by([2.1, 1.2], [2.3, 3.4],floor) # [1.2]
difference_by([{ 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], [{ 'x': 1 }], lambda v : v['x'])
# [ { x: 2 } ]
17. 链式函数调用
你可以在一行代码内调用多个函数。
[Python] 纯文本查看复制代码
def add(a, b):
return a + b
def subtract(a, b):
return a - b
a, b = 4, 5
print((subtract if a > b else add)(a, b)) # 9
18. 检查重复项
如下代码将检查两个列表是不是有重复项。
[Python] 纯文本查看复制代码
def has_duplicates(lst):
return len(lst) != len(set(lst))
x = [1,2,3,4,5,5]
y = [1,2,3,4,5]
has_duplicates(x) # True
has_duplicates(y) # False
19. 合并两个字典
下面的方法将用于合并两个字典。
[Python] 纯文本查看复制代码
def merge_two_dicts(a, b):
c = a.copy() # make a copy of a
c.update(b) # modify keys and values of a with the ones from b
return c
a = { 'x': 1, 'y': 2}
b = { 'y': 3, 'z': 4}
print(merge_two_dicts(a, b))
# {'y': 3, 'x': 1, 'z': 4}
在 Python 3.5 或更高版本中,我们也可以用以下方式合并字典:
[Python] 纯文本查看复制代码
def merge_dictionaries(a, b)
return {**a, **b}
a = { 'x': 1, 'y': 2}
b = { 'y': 3, 'z': 4}
print(merge_dictionaries(a, b))
# {'y': 3, 'x': 1, 'z': 4}
try:
2*3
except TypeError:
print("An exception was raised")
else:
print("Thank God, no exceptions were raised.")
#Thank God, no exceptions were raised.
from copy import deepcopy
from random import randint
def shuffle(lst):
temp_lst = deepcopy(lst)
m = len(temp_lst)
while (m):
m -= 1
i = randint(0, m)
temp_lst[m], temp_lst[i] = temp_lst[i], temp_lst[m]
return temp_lst
foo = [1,2,3]
shuffle(foo) # [2,3,1] , foo = [1,2,3]
28. 展开列表
将列表内的所有元素,包括子列表,都展开成一个列表。
[Python] 纯文本查看复制代码
def spread(arg):
ret = []
for i in arg:
if isinstance(i, list):
ret.extend(i)
else:
ret.append(i)
return ret
spread([1,2,3,[4,5,6],[7],8,9]) # [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
29. 交换值
不需要额外的操作就能交换两个变量的值。
[Python] 纯文本查看复制代码
def swap(a, b):
return b, a
a, b = -1, 14
swap(a, b) # (14, -1)
spread([1,2,3,[4,5,6],[7],8,9]) # [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]