Xposed的实现解析
Xposed简介
Xposed已经作为Android的Java层Hook大哥好多年了,不仅仅是安全研究者和逆向工程师手中的神器,还拥有着很多的插件开发者,在官方仓库收录的插件也已经超过了1000+个,而其服务的用户以各搞机论坛用户为主,也是不尽其数。
Xposed的代码是完全开源的,并且代码量也不算很大,对于安全研究者来说呢,我觉得研究一下Xposed的原理还是很有必要的。
Xposed的github地址:
https://github.com/rovo89/Xposed
https://github.com/rovo89/XposedBridge
本文使用Android4.4的源码进行分析
如何实现全局注入
简单的讲,Xposed是通过替换修改过的app_process来注入Zygote以实现的全局注入。
Android的启动过程
想要知道Xposed是如何实现的全局注入,首先要分析一下Android系统的启动过程,就可以很方便的理解Xposed选择的注入点。
我画了张图,Android系统的启动大致如下:
从图中可以很方便的理解从BootLoader到显示系统界面的过程。
应用孵化器 - Zygote
Zygote介绍
Zygote,中文是"受精卵"...实际上他就是一个孵化器,所有应用程序的进程都是由它fork出来的。
USER PID PPID VSIZE RSS WCHAN PC NAME
root 155 1 509740 41876 ffffffff b75761e0 S zygote
drm 156 1 18508 4064 ffffffff b7599ff6 S /system/bin/drmserver
media 157 1 69296 15656 ffffffff b755bff6 S /system/bin/mediaserver
install 158 1 6580 1228 c04d1048 b7507bb6 S /system/bin/installd
keystore 159 1 10172 2088 c03f4a25 b7561ff6 S /system/bin/keystore
root 160 1 1096 4 c044881c 080ddd03 S /system/xbin/su
system 187 1 81040 3860 ffffffff b75b0ff6 S /system/bin/surfaceflinger
root 343 2 0 0 c01cfbd5 00000000 S flush-8:16
root 414 62 6732 1412 c02f4452 b74c6bb6 S /system/bin/sh
root 418 62 6688 1464 c01c0a90 b752e1e0 S logcat
system 424 155 629276 46384 ffffffff b7575ff6 S system_server
u0_a44 506 155 564252 75032 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.systemui
u0_a0 551 155 525484 25696 ffffffff b75779eb S android.process.acore
wifi 565 1 10776 2912 c01c0a90 b741d1e0 S /system/bin/wpa_supplicant
system 566 155 526468 21732 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.settings
u0_a22 606 155 521276 24932 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.inputmethod.latin
radio 623 155 539356 28428 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.phone
u0_a23 637 155 557680 45252 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.launcher
u0_a29 673 155 520300 20324 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.music
u0_a16 693 155 521532 25876 ffffffff b75779eb S android.process.media
u0_a49 719 155 517580 18600 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.smspush
u0_a15 806 155 521632 19920 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.dialer
bluetooth 821 155 522828 22284 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.bluetooth
dhcp 845 1 6656 1452 c01c0a90 b74e6ab6 S /system/bin/dhcpcd
u0_a6 916 155 527828 22036 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.calendar
u0_a7 943 155 519636 23176 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.providers.calendar
u0_a12 967 155 521156 21960 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.deskclock
u0_a17 1019 155 528300 24912 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.email
u0_a18 1078 155 524976 20436 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.exchange
u0_a28 1168 155 530852 23100 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.mms
u0_a32 1215 155 517576 19140 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.onetimeinitializer
u0_a47 1251 155 517732 19072 ffffffff b75779eb S com.android.voicedialer
可以看到,这些包名格式的进程的PPID(父进程PID)都是155,即zygote进程。
Zygote启动之后会建立一个Socket Server,然后fork自身成为一个新的进程——system_server,并让它成为"前端代言人",当system_server接收到打开进程的请求时,它就会通过Socket跟Zygote通讯,Zygote就再fork自身称为新的进程。
Zygote的启动
在init.rc中可以看到,Zygote是通过app_process启动的,
service zygote /system/bin/app_process -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote --start-system-server
这时app_process的任务也很简单,就是把自己的进程名变成Zygote,然后反射调用Zygote的主方法,即com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit的main()。之后Zygote做的事情就是在介绍中说过的了。
Hook Zygote
那么Xposed就是通过修改app_process的方式来实现注入Zygote的。
项目地址:https://github.com/rovo89/Xposed 即是修改app_process的源码,在app_main.cpp的main函数中可以看到
isXposedLoaded = xposed::initialize(zygote, startSystemServer, className, argc, argv);
if (zygote) {
runtime.start(isXposedLoaded ? XPOSED_CLASS_DOTS_ZYGOTE : "com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit",
startSystemServer ? "start-system-server" : "");
} else if (className) {
// Remainder of args get passed to startup class main()
runtime.mClassName = className;
runtime.mArgC = argc - i;
runtime.mArgV = argv + i;
runtime.start(isXposedLoaded ? XPOSED_CLASS_DOTS_TOOLS : "com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit",
application ? "application" : "tool");
}
可以看到,Xposed首先尝试加载自己的库,如果成功的话,就将runtime.start的类名替换成自己的类:de.robv.android.xposed.XposedBridge,因为app_processs是采用反射main()的方法来调用加载方法,所以只要在这个类中定义一个main()方法,就可以为所欲为了,最后只需在末尾调用一下com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit的main()让系统继续跑下去就可以实现对Zygote的Hook。
注入应用进程
既然已经拿到了Zygote的所有权了,但是现在Application还没跑起来呢,如果这个时候就执行Hook模块,肯定是无法Hook到相关代码的。那么这时候就有必要提一下从Zygote接受到请求之后做了什么,我又简单的画了张图:
值得注意的是,因为fork之后的子进程是会继承父进程的状态继续往下跑,所以到handleChildProc的时候,此时已经是子进程在执行程序了,而ActivityThread也是在新进程中loop。
在Activity的loop中,可以接收的消息也包括了Appcalition的生命周期BIND_APPLICATION
和EXIT_APPLICATION
。处理BIND_APPLICATION
的时候是直接调用了handleBindApplication
方法,Xposed便是在Zygote中Hook了这个方法,在这里面执行用户的Hook模块,因为在这个时候,已经可以拿到应用的classLoader了,然后将此classLoader封装成一个LoadPackageParam
再传给各个模块的handleLoadPackage
即可。
在XposedBridge的main
中可看到其调用了initForZygote()
protected static void main(String[] args) {
...
if (isZygote) {
XposedInit.hookResources();
XposedInit.initForZygote();
}
...
}
initForZygote中又Hook了handleBindApplication
static void initForZygote() throws Throwable {
...
findAndHookMethod(ActivityThread.class, "handleBindApplication", "android.app.ActivityThread.AppBindData", new XC_MethodHook() {
@Override
protected void beforeHookedMethod(MethodHookParam param) throws Throwable {
ActivityThread activityThread = (ActivityThread) param.thisObject;
ApplicationInfo appInfo = (ApplicationInfo) getObjectField(param.args[0], "appInfo");
String reportedPackageName = appInfo.packageName.equals("android") ? "system" : appInfo.packageName;
SELinuxHelper.initForProcess(reportedPackageName);
ComponentName instrumentationName = (ComponentName) getObjectField(param.args[0], "instrumentationName");
if (instrumentationName != null) {
Log.w(TAG, "Instrumentation detected, disabling framework for " + reportedPackageName);
XposedBridge.disableHooks = true;
return;
}
CompatibilityInfo compatInfo = (CompatibilityInfo) getObjectField(param.args[0], "compatInfo");
if (appInfo.sourceDir == null)
return;
setObjectField(activityThread, "mBoundApplication", param.args[0]);
loadedPackagesInProcess.add(reportedPackageName);
LoadedApk loadedApk = activityThread.getPackageInfoNoCheck(appInfo, compatInfo);
XResources.setPackageNameForResDir(appInfo.packageName, loadedApk.getResDir());
XC_LoadPackage.LoadPackageParam lpparam = new XC_LoadPackage.LoadPackageParam(XposedBridge.sLoadedPackageCallbacks);
lpparam.packageName = reportedPackageName;
lpparam.processName = (String) getObjectField(param.args[0], "processName");
lpparam.classLoader = loadedApk.getClassLoader();
lpparam.appInfo = appInfo;
lpparam.isFirstApplication = true;
XC_LoadPackage.callAll(lpparam);
if (reportedPackageName.equals(INSTALLER_PACKAGE_NAME))
hookXposedInstaller(lpparam.classLoader);
}
});
...
}
Xposed在Zygote进程中执行完这些之后,每次fork出来的都是handleBindApplication
已经被Hook过的进程,所以当每个应用进程被打开的时候,都会最开始就先执行Xposed的模块插件,然后才开始执行本身的代码。这样就实现了注入到每个应用程序来进行Hook。
如何实现Hook
findAndHookMethod
findAndHookMethod
想必是大家写Xposed插件最常用及最熟悉的一个方法,我们就通过这个方法来分析Xposed是如何实现的Java Hook。
public static XC_MethodHook.Unhook findAndHookMethod(Class<?> clazz, String methodName, Object... parameterTypesAndCallback) {
if (parameterTypesAndCallback.length == 0 || !(parameterTypesAndCallback[parameterTypesAndCallback.length-1] instanceof XC_MethodHook))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("no callback defined");
XC_MethodHook callback = (XC_MethodHook) parameterTypesAndCallback[parameterTypesAndCallback.length-1];
Method m = findMethodExact(clazz, methodName, getParameterClasses(clazz.getClassLoader(), parameterTypesAndCallback));
return XposedBridge.hookMethod(m, callback);
}
大家知道这个方法的参数是个可变长参数列表,然后它会取最后一个参数来作为callback,即hook时的注入的代码。然后通过反射的方法来得到原本的Method。最后将这两个传给hookMethod。
public static XC_MethodHook.Unhook hookMethod(Member hookMethod, XC_MethodHook callback) {
...
if (newMethod) {
Class<?> declaringClass = hookMethod.getDeclaringClass();
int slot;
Class<?>[] parameterTypes;
Class<?> returnType;
if (runtime == RUNTIME_ART) {
slot = 0;
parameterTypes = null;
returnType = null;
} else if (hookMethod instanceof Method) {
slot = getIntField(hookMethod, "slot");
parameterTypes = ((Method) hookMethod).getParameterTypes();
returnType = ((Method) hookMethod).getReturnType();
} else {
slot = getIntField(hookMethod, "slot");
parameterTypes = ((Constructor<?>) hookMethod).getParameterTypes();
returnType = null;
}
AdditionalHookInfo additionalInfo = new AdditionalHookInfo(callbacks, parameterTypes, returnType);
hookMethodNative(hookMethod, declaringClass, slot, additionalInfo);
}
...
}
可以看到hookMethod实际上时调用了一个native函数hookMethodNative
,其他参数都很好理解,但是取的这个slot是个什么东西?翻了一下百度,在Dalvik的源码中dalvik/vm/reflect.c
:
static int methodToSlot(const Method* meth)
{
ClassObject* clazz = meth->clazz;
int slot;
if (dvmIsDirectMethod(meth)) {
slot = meth - clazz->directMethods;
slot = -(slot+1);
} else {
slot = meth - clazz->virtualMethods;
}
return slot;
}
原来这个slot就是此method在ClassObject的methods中的偏移,directMethods为负,virtualMethods为正。
偷梁换柱
hookMethodNative对应C函数XposedBridge_hookMethodNative
void XposedBridge_hookMethodNative(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jobject reflectedMethodIndirect,
jobject declaredClassIndirect, jint slot, jobject additionalInfoIndirect) {
// Usage errors?
if (declaredClassIndirect == NULL || reflectedMethodIndirect == NULL) {
dvmThrowIllegalArgumentException("method and declaredClass must not be null");
return;
}
// Find the internal representation of the method
ClassObject* declaredClass = (ClassObject*) dvmDecodeIndirectRef(dvmThreadSelf(), declaredClassIndirect);
Method* method = dvmSlotToMethod(declaredClass, slot);
if (method == NULL) {
dvmThrowNoSuchMethodError("Could not get internal representation for method");
return;
}
if (isMethodHooked(method)) {
// already hooked
return;
}
// Save a copy of the original method and other hook info
XposedHookInfo* hookInfo = (XposedHookInfo*) calloc(1, sizeof(XposedHookInfo));
memcpy(hookInfo, method, sizeof(hookInfo->originalMethodStruct));
hookInfo->reflectedMethod = dvmDecodeIndirectRef(dvmThreadSelf(), env->NewGlobalRef(reflectedMethodIndirect));
hookInfo->additionalInfo = dvmDecodeIndirectRef(dvmThreadSelf(), env->NewGlobalRef(additionalInfoIndirect));
// Replace method with our own code
SET_METHOD_FLAG(method, ACC_NATIVE);
method->nativeFunc = &hookedMethodCallback;
method->insns = (const u2*) hookInfo;
method->registersSize = method->insSize;
method->outsSize = 0;
if (PTR_gDvmJit != NULL) {
// reset JIT cache
char currentValue = *((char*)PTR_gDvmJit + MEMBER_OFFSET_VAR(DvmJitGlobals,codeCacheFull));
if (currentValue == 0 || currentValue == 1) {
MEMBER_VAL(PTR_gDvmJit, DvmJitGlobals, codeCacheFull) = true;
} else {
ALOGE("Unexpected current value for codeCacheFull: %d", currentValue);
}
}
}
首先是通过slot获取到Method对象在内存中的Method结构体指针,然后将它设置为一个native方法,再将他的nativeFunc
即执行时对应的函数地址设置为hookedMethodCallback
的指针,将保存着原method信息的hookInfo暂时存放在本是dalvik字节码的insns
,reflectedMethod
是原method的java对象,additionalInfo
是AdditionalHookInfo对象。
然后当调用到这个方法的时候,执行的就变成了hookedMethodCallback
函数了。
void hookedMethodCallback(const u4* args, JValue* pResult, const Method* method, ::Thread* self) {
...
dvmCallMethod(self, (Method*) methodXposedBridgeHandleHookedMethod, NULL, &result,
originalReflected, (int) original, additionalInfo, thisObject, argsArray);
...
}
主要就是又调了一个java方法methodXposedBridgeHandleHookedMethod
,解释一下各个参数,originalReflected
就是上面hookInfo的reflectedMethod
,original
是原method结构体指针,后面的不必解释了吧。
private static Object handleHookedMethod(Member method, int originalMethodId, Object additionalInfoObj,
Object thisObject, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
...
int beforeIdx = 0;
do {
try {
((XC_MethodHook) callbacksSnapshot[beforeIdx]).beforeHookedMethod(param);
} catch (Throwable t) {
XposedBridge.log(t);
// reset result (ignoring what the unexpectedly exiting callback did)
param.setResult(null);
param.returnEarly = false;
continue;
}
if (param.returnEarly) {
// skip remaining "before" callbacks and corresponding "after" callbacks
beforeIdx++;
break;
}
} while (++beforeIdx < callbacksLength);
// call original method if not requested otherwise
if (!param.returnEarly) {
try {
param.setResult(invokeOriginalMethodNative(method, originalMethodId,
additionalInfo.parameterTypes, additionalInfo.returnType, param.thisObject, param.args));
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
param.setThrowable(e.getCause());
}
}
// call "after method" callbacks
int afterIdx = beforeIdx - 1;
do {
Object lastResult = param.getResult();
Throwable lastThrowable = param.getThrowable();
try {
((XC_MethodHook) callbacksSnapshot[afterIdx]).afterHookedMethod(param);
} catch (Throwable t) {
XposedBridge.log(t);
// reset to last result (ignoring what the unexpectedly exiting callback did)
if (lastThrowable == null)
param.setResult(lastResult);
else
param.setThrowable(lastThrowable);
}
} while (--afterIdx >= 0);
...
}
那么methodXposedBridgeHandleHookedMethod
做的事情也很好理解,就是先把所有的beforeHookedMethod
给调用一遍,然后再还原原来的method调用一遍,最后再把所有的afterHookMethod
的给调用一遍,就完成了。
还原执行
执行原来的方法调用的是native方法invokeOriginalMethodNative。
void XposedBridge_invokeOriginalMethodNative(const u4* args, JValue* pResult,
const Method* method, ::Thread* self) {
Method* meth = (Method*) args[1];
if (meth == NULL) {
meth = dvmGetMethodFromReflectObj((Object*) args[0]);
if (isMethodHooked(meth)) {
meth = (Method*) meth->insns;
}
}
ArrayObject* params = (ArrayObject*) args[2];
ClassObject* returnType = (ClassObject*) args[3];
Object* thisObject = (Object*) args[4]; // null for static methods
ArrayObject* argList = (ArrayObject*) args[5];
// invoke the method
pResult->l = dvmInvokeMethod(thisObject, meth, argList, params, returnType, true);
return;
}
emm..就是通过拿到备份的method结构体,然后直接调用dvmInvokeMethod即可。
改造更新免重启的Xposed
大家在写Xposed模块的时候是不是有一个很不爽的地方,就是每次改两行代码之后又得重启,非常的烦,那么清楚了注入的原理之后,发现这点好像不是必须的!只是rovo89可能是考虑到性能的问题,所以才采用这种方案。实际上,只要轻轻的改动两行代码,就可以实现免重启更新!
简单的实现,想要更完美的可自己修改
Xposed原加载机制
Xposed原本是在app_process的时候一次性将模块列表读取,Load之后将其hook类放到一个Set里面,在de.robv.android.xposed.XposedBridge
的main()
中可以看到
protected static void main(String[] args) {
...
if (isZygote) {
XposedInit.hookResources();
XposedInit.initForZygote();
}
XposedInit.loadModules();
...
}
待到应用启动的时候再分别调用每个handleLoadPackage
,之后就不再读取插件。因为这样,所以每次fork之后,插件已经被加载在内存中了,就算更新插件也不会被读取加载,所以必须得重启才能使得插件生效。
处理办法
之前说到,Xposed通过HookhandleBindApplication
来进入每个应用进程,那只要在这个时候再loadModules,那不就ojbk了吗?
在loadModule
中,进行加载不仅有handleLoadPackage
,还有hook资源及hook命令行程序的包,
private static void loadModule(String apk, ClassLoader topClassLoader) {
...
if (moduleInstance instanceof IXposedHookZygoteInit) {
IXposedHookZygoteInit.StartupParam param = new IXposedHookZygoteInit.StartupParam();
param.modulePath = apk;
param.startsSystemServer = startsSystemServer;
((IXposedHookZygoteInit) moduleInstance).initZygote(param);
}
if (moduleInstance instanceof IXposedHookLoadPackage)
XposedBridge.hookLoadPackage(new IXposedHookLoadPackage.Wrapper((IXposedHookLoadPackage) moduleInstance));
if (moduleInstance instanceof IXposedHookInitPackageResources)
XposedBridge.hookInitPackageResources(new IXposedHookInitPackageResources.Wrapper((IXposedHookInitPackageResources) moduleInstance));
} else {
if (moduleInstance instanceof IXposedHookCmdInit) {
IXposedHookCmdInit.StartupParam param = new IXposedHookCmdInit.StartupParam();
param.modulePath = apk;
param.startClassName = startClassName;
((IXposedHookCmdInit) moduleInstance).initCmdApp(param);
...
}
但是我的需求就是只需要处理handleLoadPackage就可以了,所以给这个参数加个开关isLoadHookLoadPackage
,我的代码如下
if (XposedBridge.isZygote) {
if (moduleInstance instanceof IXposedHookZygoteInit) {
IXposedHookZygoteInit.StartupParam param = new IXposedHookZygoteInit.StartupParam();
param.modulePath = apk;
param.startsSystemServer = startsSystemServer;
((IXposedHookZygoteInit) moduleInstance).initZygote(param);
}
if (moduleInstance instanceof IXposedHookLoadPackage)
if(isLoadHookLoadPackage)
{
XposedBridge.hookLoadPackage(new IXposedHookLoadPackage.Wrapper((IXposedHookLoadPackage) moduleInstance));
}
if (moduleInstance instanceof IXposedHookInitPackageResources)
XposedBridge.hookInitPackageResources(new IXposedHookInitPackageResources.Wrapper((IXposedHookInitPackageResources) moduleInstance));
} else {
if (moduleInstance instanceof IXposedHookCmdInit) {
IXposedHookCmdInit.StartupParam param = new IXposedHookCmdInit.StartupParam();
param.modulePath = apk;
param.startClassName = startClassName;
((IXposedHookCmdInit) moduleInstance).initCmdApp(param);
}
}
实际上就是简单的加了一个if而已,然后在main的地方改成
XposedInit.loadModules(false);
最后就是在hook handleBindApplication
的地方加上XposedInit.loadModules(true);
findAndHookMethod(ActivityThread.class, "handleBindApplication", "android.app.ActivityThread.AppBindData", new XC_MethodHook() {
@Override
protected void beforeHookedMethod(MethodHookParam param) throws Throwable {
XposedInit.loadModules(true);
...
嗯,炒鸡简单,改源码不超过2分钟。
编译
改源码两分钟,编译五小时..
rovo89还提供了另外一个项目:https://github.com/rovo89/XposedTools
因为Xposed编译需要依赖AOSP来进行编译,这个工具就是专门用来编译Xposed源码的,使用方法也很简单,填好build.conf然后一把梭就可以了,具体的可以查看百度。
需要注意的是,上叙的源码是新版的xposed,就是支持5.0+art的,而我使用的是4.4.4的源码,模拟器也是4.4,所以clone源码的时候要-b master来切换分支。然后修改的代码也大同小异,就是loadmodule多了个startClassName参数,可以通过getStartClassName()
方法获取,就是这样:
XposedBridge.loadModules(getStartClassName(),true);
因为这个老工程是个Eclipse工程,XposedTool是依赖于Gradle,所以无法使用XposedTool编译。直接使用Android Studio - Build Apk最后把文件名改成XposedBridge.jar即可,
最后你可以选择直接修改Xposed Installer将其中的XposedBridge.jar替换再安装,或者在手机上安装好Xposed,然后将修改好的XposedBridge.jar
替换/data/data/de.robv.android.xposed.installer/bin/XposedBridge.jar
,重启,就可以愉快的调插件玩耍了。
顺便fork了一份,并把代码上传了,虽说总共也没改几行代码,2333。。
5.0- : https://github.com/hluwa/XposedBridge/tree/master
4.4+ : https://github.com/hluwa/XposedBridge/tree/art